# Examples: encoder.in

One thing networks are fairly good at is compressing representations. This is the classic encoder task, in which the network must map its input to its output through a constriction. This forces the network to use a compressed representation of the pattern at its hidden layer.

The default network built here is an 8-3-8 encoder. The input and output has one of eight bits on. Because there are three hidden units, the network can assign a binary code to each of the patterns and easily solve the problem.

Train the network until the error is nice and low. Did it learn to use a binary code? You may find that it uses mostly binary patterns with some 0.5's. You could force it to use binary patterns by giving the hidden layer a unit output cost type, like LOGISTIC_COST. You can do this with:

    lens> groupType hidden +LOGISTIC_COST

Try a cost strength of 0.1. Does that give you binary hidden units? If not, increase the cost strength. At some point, it will mess up the learning. You might also try using smaller initial weights because the units can get pinned early with large initial weights and a strong cost function.

I didn't have much success using an output cost function to encourage binary representations. So here's another trick: increase the gain of the hidden group to 2. You can do this with:

    lens> setObj hidden.gain 2

The gain is the inverse of temperature. It determines how steep the logistic function is. A higher gain will lead to a steeper function which encourages binary outputs because it is hard to maintain a middle value.

Now lets try something harder. Run "buildEncoder 2" to create an 8-2-8 encoder (see how you can define procedures that do things like build networks with certain parameters?). With only two hidden units, the network can't solve the problem with a binary pattern.

Can it solve the problem anyway? What sort of representations does it form? Now try giving the hidden units a ternary activation function. This is like a logistic function with a plateau around 0. You can do this with:

    lens> groupType hidden TERNARY

Also set the gain to 2 and the ternaryShift to 1 or 2. This makes the central plateau narrower and the transitions sharper. Now you may see the network using cleaner combinations of -1, 0, and 1 at the hidden layer.

Finally, change the output group to SOFT_MAX like this:

    lens> groupType output OUTPUT SOFT_MAX

This normalizes the outputs to a sum of 1. It makes the task much easier to learn. Now you should see nice, clean ternary hidden unit patterns. You may also see really large weights because the SOFT_MAX function encourages that.

Last modified: Wed Nov 15 23:02:21 EST 2000