# Examples: xor.in

This is the classic exclusive-or problem. Hit "Train Network" and watch the error in the graph window. It should hit a small plateau and then head down to zero.

If the error levels out above zero, you hit a local minimum and the network has learned the wrong function. This is a particularly common problem with the XOR function. You should find that with the default setup the network solves the problem about 75% of the time.

Can you find parameters that result in success 100% of the time? Try playing with the learning rate, momentum, and init rand range. Does using a target radius help? How does regular momentum descent compare to Doug's momentum?

In order to save some work and to get practice writing Tcl scripts, try writing a procedure that will automatically train a network 100 times and report back the success percentage.

Ok. In case you're confused, I went ahead and wrote one for you. But this is the last time. It's called trainIt and it's located in the xor.in file. It takes one optional parameter: the number of trials, which defaults to 100. It returns the number of successful trials. Be sure to close or disable the graphs and the Unit Viewer before running it or it or things will be slow.

### Generating Examples On-The-Fly

In order to improve performance on the XOR task, we might think of trying to weight the examples presented to the network more heavily in favor of the ones it gets wrong. One way to do this is to activate pseudo-example-frequencies by setting the network's pseudoExampleFreq to 1. The error on an example will then be scaled by the example's frequency value.

We would like to adjust the frequencies based on the network's performance. We could do this using a static example set by changing the frequency field of the examples after each example has been run. However, another way to do it is to write a program that generates a stream of examples. We can then open this process as an example file in PIPED mode and read the examples as they are delivered.

The reason for doing this is that the process that is generating the examples can also be reading the network's output and tailoring the examples to the current behavior of the network. How this is done is illustrated by the useSelectedExamples procedure, also defined in xor.in. Try calling the procedure and then training the network a few times.

This procedure opens a channel for reading and writing to the xor.chooseEx program. This program is actually a Tcl script and will only work if /usr/bin/tclsh exists on your machine. openNetOutputFile is then called to begin writing the network's outputs to the process. Then loadExamples is called to create a new example set that reads its examples from the process.

The xor.chooseEx process itself does two things. It reads the output of the network on the four examples and figures out the difference between the target and actual outputs on each example. It then generates four new examples and scales their frequencies based on the error. The more error on an example, the higher its frequency. Because pseudo-example-frequencies are being used by the network, this causes the subsequent error on those examples to be greater.

You will probably find that doing all this actually hurts learning in this case. Although the network sometimes learns, it usually goes into weird cyclical patterns. It seems that the whole notion of presenting harder examples more frequently may be flawed in this case. Because weight changes are proportional to error, the network already does more learning on examples that it gets wrong. Enhancing that isn't necessarily a good thing.

However, the reason I did all this was to illustrate how you can generate examples on the fly based on the network's performance. Hopefully, you can make use of this general method in actually doing something productive.

Last modified: Mon Nov 20 17:54:12 EST 2000