polarity - compute the avg polarization of unit outputs in a group

### USAGE

        polarity [reset | update | report]  <group-list>

### DESCRIPTION

Polarity is a measure of the degree to which the units in a group are adopting outputs close to the minimum or maximum possible output value. In a logistic group, the minimum output is 0 and the maximum is 1, but other types of units may have a different range. In order to compute the polarity of a unit, its output is first normalized to the range [0,1]. The polarity of a unit whose normalized output is x is given by the following formula:

        polarity = x log2(x) + (1-x) log2(1-x) + 1

This is a U-shaped function. If the normalized output is 0.5, the polarity is 0. As the output increases towards 1 or decreases towards 0, the polarity grows towards 1.

The average polarity of the units in a group, across several training or testing examples, is a useful measure. A high polarity, close to 1, indicates that the units are adopting binary states. A low polarity can indicate that there are too few units to solve the given task and the network is forced to make use of intermediate activation values. In the absence of noise, it is also possible for a network to find a low-polariity solution when it has too many units.

Various techniques can be used to encourage a network to adopt more polarized output values. Indirectly this can be done by adding noise to the unit inputs. Units with non-polarized values will be more susceptible to this kind of noise and the network will be more successful with a solution that uses binary activations. An output cost function, such as LOGISTIC_COST, can also be used to directly encourage polarized output values. In fact, the LOGISTIC_COST function uses a cost function that is simply the inverse of polarity.

The polarity command takes an action and a list of groups on which to perform that action. If the first argument is reset, the groups will erase all of the stored polarity information. If the first argument is update, the current polarity of each of the units in the group will be computed and these observations are recorded in the group structure using the polaritySum and polarityNum fields. It is common to add a call to "polarity update" to the postEventProc or postExampleProc so that the polarity is tracked following each event or example. Finally, if the first argument is report, the command will return the average polarity, since the last reset, of each of the listed groups (along with the group name).

### EXAMPLE

Here is one way to compute the polarity of all of the groups during a testing session. First we reset the polarity and set the postExampleProc to update the polarity after each example. Then we test and check the average polarities. Finally, the postExampleProc is cleared to speed things up during further training.

        lens> polarity reset *
        lens> setObject postExampleProc {polarity update *}
        lens> test
        lens> polarity report *
        {"bias" 1} {"input" 1} {"hidden" 0.670024} {"output" 0.797647}
        lens> setObject postExampleProc {}

### SEE ALSO

groupType

Last modified: Mon Jun 8.33:59:51 EDT 1998